SYNOPSIS OF CHINUA ACHEBE’S THERE WAS A COUNTRY

SYNOPSIS OF CHINUA ACHEBE’S THERE WAS A COUNTRY

   

Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe’s memoir, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra (2012), is his personal account of the Nigerian civil war (1967–1970), also known as the Biafran War. The book covers his early life in the Eastern Region of Nigeria where his people, the Igbo, were the majority ethnic group. By this point, he was already a successful novelist with a family. However, his life as he knew it came to a crashing halt as war consumed his region, and he and his family were pulled into a battle for survival. Published a year before Achebe’s death, There Was a Country is his only memoir and the first time he wrote publicly about his personal experiences in the war. Exploring the theme of sectarian conflict and its affects civilians, There Was a Country is considered one of the defining works of modern African non-fiction.

There Was a Country begins with an overview of Chinua Achebe’s youth in Nigeria. From an early age, he was drawn to storytelling and struggled to find the role he wanted to play in society. Eventually, he decided to commit to his first love, rejecting a full scholarship to medical school in order to follow his passion for the arts, especially writing. As he matured and attended classes at the University College in his home country, he became focused on developing his craft to create an honest voice for his writing. He dreamed of creating a new genre of African literature written by real African voices, spreading their stories to the rest of the world. During this period, most of Africa was still under colonial rule, and Achebe was a strong activist for independence from Great Britain and other colonial powers. Much of his early writing focused on anti-colonial themes and the need for Africa to be free, to spread its wings and fly.

Achebe tells the story of his childhood, education, marriage, and fatherhood, as well as his rise to become one of Africa’s elite writers. This narrative runs parallel to the rise of Nigeria as a nation. Nigeria had been under British colonial rule since 1914, and in 1960 the movement for independence was growing beyond the colonial power’s attempts to quash it. The British had successfully exploited Nigeria’s resources for decades; with the independence movement growing in strength, Britain decided to pull out with the treasure it had taken. Nigeria achieved its independence in 1960, but with the great hope that freedom brought came new problems. Although the people hoped for a bright and peaceful future, the new country remained dominated by old problems. The country quickly devolved into chaos due to weak leadership and corruption; demagogues took advantage, pushing the country towards ethnic conflict. Nowhere was this clearer than in the Eastern Region, the home of the Igbo. The dominant group of the region, in the rest of the country, they were a hated and much-resented minority.

In 1967, after a period of intense oppression, the Eastern Region decided to break away from the nation of Nigeria. However, the Nigerian government refused the secession of the Eastern Region when it declared itself the independent Republic of Biafra. A brutal civil war erupted, lasting three years. With staggering atrocities and war crimes, the Nigeria-Biafra War was considered one of the worst conflicts in human history. Achebe’s writing career was disrupted as he and his family were forced to flee. Through it all, he never stopped writing down his experiences, strongly sticking to his goal to elevate the stories of Africans to a level where they would be read and appreciated throughout the world. He led his family through the civil war and eventually brought his stories to an audience far outside of Africa, but he never told the story of his time during the Nigeria-Biafra War until 2012. Ultimately, Biafra was surrounded; a severe humanitarian crisis ensued that was only resolved with the surrender paper in 1970.

Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and literary critic. Things Fall Apart, his debut novel, is considered his greatest work. It remains the most widely-read book in modern African literature. He wrote an additional four novels and four children’s books, as well as many short stories and poetry collections. He was also widely known for his political commentary about the impact of colonialism on modern Africa. A titled Igbo Chieftain himself, most of his works focused on traditional Igbo society as informed by his first-hand experiences. A political activist and strong believer in independence for the Biafra region of Nigeria, he also served as a Professor of Languages and Literature at Bard College and a Professor of Africana Studies at Brown University . In our house in Nsukka, the small university town in eastern Nigeria where I grew up, my parents’ bedroom harboured a cupboard, reached only by standing on a stepladder. In that cupboard lay a battered brown leather satchel, filled with memorabilia from Biafra. I remember Biafran stamps, currency notes, and coins, photographs, receipts, letters,  and a small green hard backed pamphlet: The Ahiara Declaration.

From time to time, under conditions of great secrecy, the satchel would be brought down and my brothers and I would be allowed to rummage through it as my parents told us stories of their harrowing experiences during the war. We would look at photographs of friends and family “lost” in the conflict, or during the massacres of Igbos that preceded it. We would marvel at the lightness of the Biafran coins. I don’t remember my parents explicitly saying it, but somehow it was communicated to us that the satchel and its contents were not things to be discussed outside the family home. In Nigeria in the 1970s when I grew up, Biafra was only talked about in hushed tones, in an atmosphere of an unspoken fear that talking about it could bring reprisals. A few weeks ago, I was lucky enough to be invited to an early rough-cut screening of the film version of Chimamanda Adichie’s book, Half of a Yellow Sun. In the end, in the darkened room in Soho, as I joined others to congratulate the director Biyi Bandele, I found myself hugging him instead and felt to my embarrassment, tears running down my cheeks. As I apologised, avoiding the bemused stares from some of the staff at the venue, I explained to Biyi that I had felt such a powerful reaction because the story he was telling was the  story of my family – of my parents and grandparents.

That evening, as on the phone I described my feelings watching Biafran refugees fleeing the university town of Nsukka to my mother, who had herself fled the town with my father and elder brother in 1967, she said “I am glad that our story is going to be told, that the world will remember” . Chinua Achebe’s new book There Was A Country: A Personal History of Biafra emerges into this landscape of memory and remembrance, forty two years after the war ended. In the book Achebe, a few weeks before his 82nd birthday, finally sets out to tell the story of his Biafra. The format he adopts is novel – involving a rambling mix of anecdotes, summarized histories, analysis, reportage, declamation and haunting poetry. In some ways, reading the book feels like I imagine spending an hour or two chatting with the distinguished novelist might. He roams from the story of how Nigeria came to be, to his schooldays and burgeoning friendships with prominent figures like the poet Christopher Okigbo, whose presence looms large through the book. Interspersing the historical account is the story of his father, one of the early Igbo converts to Christianity, and his experiences growing up with newly Christian, trailblazing parents caught between the old traditions and cosmology of the Igbo people and the new Christianity. The personal glimpses into his early life are hugely enjoyable and indeed tantalizing – often outlined so succinctly, that he leaves the reader greedy for more detail.

Approaching the events leading up to the war –  the descent of the first post-independence Nigerian government into an abyss of corruption and misrule; the role that the colonial government played in setting the stage for this descent and the first military coup in 1966 – he acquires a less personal and more straightforward recounting tone. This continues until the latter part of the book, when he begins to describe the counter-coup of July 1966, the massacres of Igbos that followed the coup, the failed attempts at negotiating peace and the subsequent declaration of independence and the harrowing consequences that followed. Achebe, as is his right, does not pull any punches, although he does make some concessions to alternative points of view, especially in relation to the legacy of colonialism and the moral imperative on writers to produce committed literature. He is less conciliatory on the question of whether the actions of the Federal Government of Nigeria during the war constituted war crimes and, possibly, genocide. He is scrupulous in naming the officers and individuals responsible, and where possible provides their viewpoints based on news and other reports. He also highlights the role played by Western countries and the international community. And he challenges the popular perception that General Gowon’s “No Victor, No Vanquished” policy at the end of the war in 1970 led to the successful re-integration of the Igbos into Nigeria, highlighting the egregious government policy which wiped out the savings of every Biafran who had operated their bank accounts during the war with an “ex- gratia” payment of just 20 pounds. He is also laser sharp in his conviction that part of Nigeria’s problem stems from its anti-meritocratic suppression of the Igbo people, and the refusal of the country to face up to insalubrious aspects of its history, issues that he argues continue to haunt it of particular interest are the snippets that emerge of life in Biafra – the intense emotional connection of a people united by the fear and anger at the massacres, the ingenuity of the engineers who fond ways to refine petrol or build bombs and the efforts of artists and intellectuals to contribute to building a new nation. He also describes his own forays to foreign capitals to seek their support for the Biafra dream and the eventual withering and death of that dream. Sprinkled through the book are excerpts from a series of interviews commissioned by the Achebe Foundation with many of the key players in Nigeria’s history. These, when eventually published, should provide a rich resource and other perspectives on the events that the author describes.

The final section of the book picks up on Nigeria’s journey since the end of the war, dipping into the failures of governance and the consequences, raising several questions that need to be addressed for the future. The book could benefit from a closer proof-reading and fact-checking process by an informed editor. Irritating errors crop up like “maul over” for “mull over” “deferral” for “federal” , “Iwe Ihorin” for “Iwe Irohin” and St Elizabeth’s Hospital for Queen Elizabeth Hospital, but these do not detract from Achebe’s attempt to present, from his perspective, an account of those dark days. As he says in the book, “My aim is not to provide all the answers but to raise questions and perhaps to cause a few headaches” . It is clear that this is his book, his view, and his own particular nostalgic ramble. Ultimately, it is important that he has shared it, warts, unevenness and all. In doing so, Achebe has helped bring the contents of my parents’ brown satchel back into the open.